Tài liệu Times and Tenses docx

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Unit One: The Present Tense
chapter one LITTER IS A PROBLEM IN OUR CITIES

the present tense
PRESENT TENSE OF BE:
I am we are
you are
he, she, it is they are
VERB (+s in third person singular form)
AUXILIARY = do, does for questions and negatives
vocabulary:

litter fence
garbage disease
garbage can punish
ugly jail
spoil litterbug
Reading Selection
Listen to the teacher read the selection. Then
repeat as the teacher reads in phrases.
Litter is garbage—like food, paper, and cans—
on the ground or in the street. Where many
people live together, litter is a problem. People
don't always put their garbage in the garbage
can. It's easier to drop a paper than to find a
garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes
the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.
The wind blows papers far away. Often they are
difficult to catch. When they blow against a
fence, they stay there. This fence is a wall of
garbage.
Litter is a health problem, too. Food and
garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry
disease.
Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they
work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law
punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and
occasionally they go to jail.
Two famous sayings in the United States are: “Don't be a litter-bug!” and “Every litter bit
hurts!”

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Questions
First student: Change each sentence into a question.
Second student: Answer each question with a short answer.
1. Litter is a problem in our cities.
First student: Is litter a problem in our cities?
Second student: Yes, it is.
2. Litter is ugly.
3. Papers are difficult to catch.
4. This fence is a wall of garbage.
5. Litter is against the law.
6. People don't always put their garbage in the garbage cans.
7. Litter makes the city look ugly.
8. Litter spoils the view.
9. The wind blows papers far away.
10. Food and garbage bring animals.
11. Animals sometimes carry disease.
12. Some people want to control litter.
13. They never throw litter themselves. (Don't they ever )
14. The law punishes litterbugs.
15. They usually pay a fine.
Time Markers
Durative verbs: be, live, want
Punctual verbs: put, drop, bring, carry, throw, work, punish, pay

now
past time present time future time
The present tense shows clearly that in English, tense is not the same as time. The present
tense is not usually used to describe present time. Instead, it describes activities and states
which are generally and universally true. The present tense is the tense for description,
definition, and statements of general truth. As the time line shows, the present tense
extends from past time, through the present and into the future. Durative verbs, which
show states through time, are verbs like live, want, and be.
Sometimes the present tense is also called the present habitual. It is used for repeated,
habitual actions. The X marks on the time line represent punctual verbs, or actions at a
specific point in time. These are repeated again and again through time.
Adverbs of frequency are common time markers in the present tense. They tell how often
an action is repeated: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely,
hardly ever, never. The word ever is used in questions.
Make a sentence with each frequency adverb below.
1. (not) always—People don't always put their garbage in the garbage can.
2. often
3. sometimes
4. usually
5. occasionally
6. never
Definitions
Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right. Then make complete sentence
definitions, using the present tense.
1. litter a. garbage on the ground or in the street
2. fence b. a special can for garbage
3. jail c. everything that a person can see
4. garbage can d. a wall that separates two places

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5. view e. sickness
6. fine f. to manage or to stop
7. litterbug g. a number of people
8. disease h. money people pay as punishment
9. control i. a place people stay as punishment
10. group j. a person who throws litter
Pronunciation
The helping verb do is used in the present tense for questions and negatives. However, the
vowel letter o is pronounced in three different ways. Look at the pronunciation below.
1. do Used for all subjects except third person singular
do not The vowel is pronounced the same if the two words are not written together
in a contraction.
2. don't The vowel changes in the contraction.
3. does The vowel changes again for the third person singular form. Notice that the
word is spelled with two vowel letters, but only one vowel sound is
pronounced.
doesn't Another vowel sound is pronounced after the s, although it is not written.

Give short answers to the following questions. Use adverbs of frequency in your answers.
1. Do you ever throw litter on the ground?
No, I never do.
Yes, I sometimes do.
2. Do you always throw garbage in the garbage can?
3. Do you usually help to clean up the litter?
4. Does litter always spoil the view?
5. Does the wind often blow papers away?
6. Do litterbugs usually go to jail?
7. Does your friend usually throw litter on the ground?
8. Do animals sometimes carry disease?
9. Do you sometimes help to clean up litter?
10. Does your friend ever help you?

Contractions of the be verb with pronouns and with the word not are very common in
spoken English. In some cases, there is a change in the vowel sound in the contracted form.
Pronounce the words below.
I, I'm we, we're
you, you're they, they're
he, he's is, isn't
she, she's are, aren't
it, it's

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Photos by David Attie
chapter two PEOPLE WORK AT MANY DIFFERENT JOBS

the present tense
PRESENT TENSE OF BE:
I am we are
you are
he, she, it is they are
VERB ( +s in third person singular form)
AUXILIARY = do, does for questions and negatives
(Teaching suggestion: This
chapter contains twelve
short reading selections. It
is best to work with two or
three selections in a lesson,
until all are completed.
Then do the activities at the
end of the chapter as a
review.)
Reading Selections
Listen to the teacher read the selection. Then repeat as the teacher reads in phrases.
1
vocabulary:
telephone
typewriter
file cabinet
boss

A secretary writes letters, answers the telephone, and
meets people. She uses a typewriter every day. She
puts papers away in the file cabinet. She stands
between her boss and his visitors. She helps her boss
to plan his time and to finish his work.
Yes/No Questions
(Use these directions for all the yes/no questions in
this chapter.)
First student: Change each sentence into a question.
Second student: Answer each question with a short
and a
long answer.
1. A secretary answers the telephone.

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First student: Does a secretary answer the telephone?
Second student: Yes, she does. She answers the telephone.
2. A secretary writes books.
First student: Does a secretary write books?
Second student: No, she doesn't. She writes letters.
3. A secretary meets people.
4. She puts papers away in the garbage.
5. She stands between her boss and his visitors.
6. She helps her boss to plan his time.
7. She helps her boss to spoil his work.
Choice Questions
Answer each question with a complete sentence.
1. Does she put papers away in the garbage or in the file cabinet?
She puts papers away in the file cabinet.
2. Does a secretary write books or letters?
3. Does she meet the boss or the visitors?
4. Does she answer the telephone or the typewriter?
5. Does she use the typewriter every day or every week?
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vocabulary:

lesson
correct
term
grade

Teachers work in schools. They help their students to
learn. They order books, explain lessons, give
homework, and correct papers. At the end of every
term, they grade their students.
Yes/No Questions
1. Teachers order books and give homework.
2. They explain the lessons to their students.
3. They correct their students' papers.
4. Students grade their teachers.
5. Teachers give grades at the beginning of the term.
Choice Questions
1. Does the teacher work in a school or in an office?
2. Does the teacher collect garbage or correct papers?
3. Does the teacher give grades at the beginning or at the
end of the term?
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4
vocabulary:

hotel vegetables
guest bake
restaurant prepare
meal

A porter is a hotel worker who carries the bags of the
travelers. He shows the hotel guests to their rooms, and
they usually give him some money for his help.
A chef works in a hotel or in a restaurant. He plans the
meals and cooks the food. He often has helpers to cut
vegetables, to bake bread, and to prepare the meat.

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Yes/No Questions
1. A porter works in an office.
2. He helps the guests with their bags.
3. He shows the travelers to their rooms.
4. Hotel guests give the porter letters.
5. Chefs work in hotels.
6. The chef throws away the food.
7. The chef plans the meals.
8. A chef usually has many helpers.
Choice Questions
1. Is the porter a worker or a guest?
2. Does he work in an office or in a hotel?
3. Does he show the travelers their bags or their rooms?
4. Does a chef plan meals or lessons?
5. Does the chef work with other cooks or does he work alone?
6. Do the helpers plan meals or prepare food?
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vocabulary:

draw
magazine

An artist uses paper, pens, pencils, and paint to make pictures.
She draws pictures for books and magazines. Her pictures are
easy to understand. The drawings help to explain the ideas in the
book.
Yes/No Questions
1. An artist uses pens, pencils, and paint.
2. She draws pictures for books.
3. She writes letters for magazines.
4. Her pictures are hard to understand.
5. Pictures help to explain the ideas in books.
Choice Questions
1. Does an artist use a pen or a typewriter?
2. Does she use her pen to draw or to correct papers?
3. Does the artist order books or make the pictures for books?
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vocabulary:

operate medicine
repair patient

One kind of doctor is a surgeon. He works in a hospital.
The surgeon operates on sick people; he repairs their
bodies. After the operation, he orders medicine. The
surgeon watches his patients until they are well.
Yes/No Questions
1. A surgeon is a kind of doctor.
2. The surgeon repairs telephones.
3. He operates on sick people.
4. He watches his patients until they are sick.
5. The surgeon works in a school.
Choice Questions
1. Is the surgeon a doctor or a hotel worker?

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2. Does the surgeon order books or medicine for his patients?
3. Are operations for sick people or for well people?
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vocabulary:

deliver
package
post office

The letter carrier delivers mail. He walks from house to house with
letters and packages in his bag. He also picks up letters from the
mailboxes and brings them to the post office.
Yes/No Questions
1. The letter carrier brings letters and packages.
2. The letter carrier works in a restaurant.
3. He picks up letters from mailboxes.
4. He walks from house to house.
5. The letter carrier brings letters to the post office.
Choice Questions
1. Is the letter carrier a hospital worker or a post office worker?
2. Does he pick up letters or visitors?
3. Does he carry a mailbag or a mailbox?
4. Does he write letters or deliver them?
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vocabulary:

activity
hire

A businessperson works in an office. He plans
business activities. He prepares reports and goes
to meetings. He learns about buying, selling, and
producing things. A businessperson must hire
workers to help him.
Yes/No Questions
1. A businessperson works with patients.
2. An office is a place of business.
3. A businessperson goes to business meetings.
4. Buying and selling are business activities.
5. A businessperson hires other workers.
Choice Questions
1. Does a businessperson prepare meals or
reports?
2. Does he work in an office or in a school?
3. Does he work together with other people or alone?

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vocabulary:

prevent
inspect
fire engine
put out

A firefighter tries to prevent fires by inspecting buildings. He
asks people to make their houses safe from fire. When a fire
starts, he rides to the building in a fire engine. Firefighters
hurry to put out fires and to save people.
Yes/No Questions
1. A firefighter works in a post office.
2. He tries to prevent fires.
3. He asks people to throw litter.
4. Firefighters ride to fires in fire engines,
5. They save people from fires.
Choice Questions
1. Does a firefighter start fires or put them out?
2. Does a firefighter inspect buildings or food?
3. Do firefighters save people or money?


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vocabulary:

brick
metal
apartment

A construction worker puts buildings together. He measures wood and
cuts it into pieces. He carries bricks and metal parts. He follows a
building plan to make houses, apartments, and stores. Sometimes he
repairs buildings, too.
Yes/No Questions
1. A construction worker puts apartments together.
2. He measures and cuts bricks.
3. He carries bricks and metal parts.
4. He follows a lesson plan.
5. Construction workers build houses and stores.
Choice Questions
1. Does a construction worker put together buildings or telephones?
2. Does he cut wood or bricks?
3. Does he repair buildings or people?


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11
vocabulary:

orchestra
practice
instrument

A musician usually works with other musicians to make
music. Musicians play together in an orchestra. They practice
playing their instruments every day. They read new music
and play it until it sounds good.
Yes/No Questions
1. An orchestra is a group of musicians.
2. Musicians make instruments.
3. A musician has to practice every day.
4. Musicians read music.
5. New music always sounds good.
Choice Questions
1. Does a musician make instruments or music?
2. Do musicians practice every week or every day?
3. Do musicians play in an orchestra or in a post office?

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vocabulary:

fashion
style
camera
newspaper

Fashion models show us the newest styles of clothes. They
put on new clothes and stand in front of cameras. Pictures
of models appear in newspapers and in magazines. People
see the pictures and want to buy the clothes. Fashion
models collect pictures of themselves in a book.
Yes/No Questions
1. Fashion models show us new styles of cameras.
2. They stand in front of cameras.
3. Their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines.
4. Fashion models collect business reports.
5. Fashion models help sell new fashions.
Choice Questions
1. Do fashion models put on new clothes or old clothes?
2. Do models help sell books or clothes?
3. Do they collect pictures or magazines?
Time Markers
Durative Verbs: have, be

Punctual Verbs: carry, cut, explain, give, help, order, plan,
practice, prepare, repair, show, use, work

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Sometimes the present tense is called the present habitual tense because it is used to
describe habitual, repeated actions. The reading selections in this chapter, which are about
workers and their jobs, contain many examples of habitual activities. Common time markers
are the combinations with every (every day, every week, every month, every term, every
meal, every time ).
Who- Questions
Answer the following questions by giving the kind of worker who does each activity. Then
make ten who- questions of your own to ask the other students.
1. Who puts out fires?
2. Who draws pictures for books and magazines?
3. Who carries the travelers' bags?
4. Who plans business activities?
5. Who builds and repairs houses?
6. Who operates on sick people?
7. Who helps her boss to plan his time?
8. Who grades students at the end of every term?
9. Who makes music in an orchestra?
10. Who operates on sick people?
11. Who brings letters and packages from house to house?
12. Who shows us the newest styles of clothes?
A Guessing Game
Choose a student to be the leader. The leader should think o! one of the workers in this
chapter, but he should not tell which worker it is. The other students will take turns
guessing what the worker does. The student who guesses correctly may then start the
game again.
Example: First student I'm thinking of a worker.
Second student Does he operate on sick people?
First student No, he doesn't.
Third student Does he put buildings together?
First student No, he doesn't.
Fourth student Does he carry letters?
First student Yes, he does.
Fourth student Is he the letter carrier?
First student Yes, he is.
Pronunciation
Third person singular -s ending
In the present tense, when the subject is he, she, or it, the verb takes an -s ending. After
verbs which end in voiced sounds, the -s is pronounced like /z/. Pronounce the words below.
answers gives rides
brings goes sells
buys plans shows
carries plays sounds

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