tieng anh 11

Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
Verbals
UNIT 4
Technical English 2 (Slide 2 – Page 69) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
What is a Verbal?
Verbals are formed from verbs and act
like adjectives, adverbs, or nouns in a
sentence.
INFINITIV
E
PARTICIPL
E
GERUND
There are three basic types of verbals.
Technical English 2 (Slide 3 – Page 69) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 57: Recognize the form of
infinitives and infinitive phrases
Examples: to walking ✘
to the park ✘
to walk ✔
to walk to the park ✔
FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE
ACTIVE
to + VERB
PASSIVE
to be + VERB
NOTES:
● Infinitives can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases
● Infinitives can have continuous and perfect forms
● Sometimes the bare infinitive is used
● Do not confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases
Technical English 2 (Slide 4 – Page 70) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 58: Recognize the function and
use of infinitives and infinitive
phrases
FUNCTION AND USE OF INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES
FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Subject To live in Buri Ram is my dream.
Object We needed to buy a new memory card.
Subject Complement Her role was to teach English.
Adjective I have a report to write by tomorrow.
Adverb Students must pass the exam to graduate.
NOTES:
● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like a noun, it can be replaced by a pronoun
● If an infinitive or infinitive phrase acts like an adverb, it can be moved in the sentence
● When an infinitive acts like an adverb and starts a sentence, it must be followed by a comma
● Do not place an infinitive or infinitive phrase after a preposition
● Infinitives or infinitive phrases are often used to express purpose
Technical English 2 (Slide 5 – Page 73) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 59: Know the verbs that are often
followed by infinitives or
infinitive phrases
VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES
WITHOUT ACTORS WITH ACTORS
agree, begin, continue, decide, fail, hesitate,
hope, intend, learn, neglect, offer, plan, prefer,
pretend, promise, refuse, remember, try
advise, allow, convince, remind, encourage,
force, hire, teach, instruct, invite, permit, tell,
implore, incite, appoint, order
NOTES:
● The verbs ask, expect, (would) like, and want can be used with or without actors.
● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or
infinitive phrases
Examples: She refused to tell me his name. ✔
She refused telling me his name. ✘
The teacher allowed the students to go early. ✔
The teacher allowed the students going early. ✘
Technical English 2 (Slide 6 – Page 74) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 60: Recognize the form of gerunds
and gerund phrases
Examples: working ✔
working on the project ✔
darling ✘
starling ✘
FORMS OF THE GERUND
GERUND
VERB + ing
PERFECT GERUND
having + PAST PARTICIPLE
NOTES:
● Gerunds can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases
● Be careful, gerunds look the same as present participles
● Some words ending in –ing may not be gerunds, they may be nouns or proper nouns
● A gerund must have a verb as its base
Technical English 2 (Slide 7 – Page 75) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 61: Recognize the function and
use of gerunds and gerund
phrases
FUNCTION AND USE OF GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES
FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Subject Swimming is good exercise.
Object of a verb He enjoys asking questions.
Subject Complement John’s problem is sleeping in class.
Object of a preposition I did a course about cooking.
NOTES:
● A gerund or gerund phrase always acts like a noun
● A gerund or gerund phrase can be replaced by the pronoun it
● A gerund or gerund phrase can follow a preposition
● Gerunds are often used in compound nouns (be careful of present participles)
Technical English 2 (Slide 8 – Page 78) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 62: Know the verbs that are often
followed by gerunds or gerund
phrases
VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES
ORDINARY VERBS PHRASAL VERBS
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider,
delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, keep,
miss, practice, recall, recommend, regret,
stop, suggest, understand
approve of, count on, forget about, give up,
insist on, keep on, put off, object to,
(be) tired of, (be) accustomed to,
(be) used to, (be) fond of
NOTES:
● The information given above shows only a small selection of verbs that can take infinitives or
infinitive phrases
Examples: They considered working on the weekends. ✔
They considered to work on the weekends. ✘
She put off buying the new carpet. ✔
She put off to buy the new carpet. ✘
Technical English 2 (Slide 9 – Page 79) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 63: Recognize the form of
participles and participle
phrases
Examples: crying, working, sleeping ✔(present participles)
introduced, eaten, saved, dealt, seen ✔(past participles)
darling ✘
FORMS OF THE PARTICIPLE
Present Participle
VERB + ing
Past Participle
VERB + ed, en, d, t, or n
NOTES:
● Participles can have modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) to make infinitive phrases
● Be careful, present participles (verb+ing) can look like gerunds or ordinary nouns
● Be careful of some words that end in –ed, -en, -d, -t, and –n because they may be simple
past forms of verbs
● A participle must have a verb as its base
Technical English 2 (Slide 10 – Page 80) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 64: Recognize the function and
use of participles and participle
phrases
FUNCTION AND USE OF PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPLE PHRASES
FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Adjective The polished car looked as good as new.
Adjective phrase Cutting the wood, he developed blisters.
Continuous tenses (Only Present Participles)
John was sleeping in class again.
Perfect tenses (Only Past Participles)
I have never eaten such delicious food.
Passive forms (Only Past Participles)
He was taken by aliens.
NOTES:
● A participle phrase consists of a participle plus modifiers
● Both present and past participles acting as adjectives are placed before nouns
● Participle phrases acting as adjectives should be placed as close as possible to the nouns or pronouns they describe
● A participle phrases needs commas when it: a) comes at the beginning of a sentence, b) interrupts a sentence as a
nonessential modifier, or c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the noun or pronoun it describes
● Do not confuse present participles with gerunds or nouns ending in -ing
● Do not confuse past participles with simple past tenses of verbs
Technical English 2 (Slide 11 – Page 83) Prepared by Colin S MacDonald
UNIT 4 – Verbals
SKILL 65: Know which type of verbal to
use
KNOW WHICH TYPE OF VERBAL TO USE
VERBS WHICH TAKE GERUNDS OR
INFINITIVES AS OBJECTS WITH NO
CHANGE IN THE MEANING
VERBS WHICH TAKE GERUNDS OR
INFINITIVES AS OBJECTS WITH A
CHANGE IN THE MEANING
attempt, begin, continue, hate, like,
love, neglect, prefer, regret, stand, try
forget, feel, hear, notice, observe,
remember, see, smell, start, stop
NOTES:
● When the verbal is used as the object of a verb, always check the verb to see what type of verbal it can take
● The verbs connected to senses often are used with indirect objects and bare infinitives (when used with infinitives)
● When choosing a verbal, consider if you are thinking about a singular action or a continuous action
Examples:
They like to go to the park. ✔
They like going to the park. ✔
She forgets to take out the rubbish. ✔[she always forgets to do it]
She forgets taking out the rubbish. ✔[she did it, but she forgot]

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